D. W. Adams (1995). Education for Extinction: American Indians and the
Boarding School Experience, 1875-1928. University of Kansas Press,
Lawrence, Kansas.
K. T. Lomawaima (1994). They Call It Prairie Light: The Story of
Chilocco Indian School. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.
Several other books are also good, these include the following:
E. C. Adams (1971). American Indian Education: Government Schools and
Economic Progress. Arno Press and the New York Times, New York, New
York.
A. Littlefield (1993). Learning to Labor: Native American education in
the United States 1880-1930. In, The Political Economy of North American
Indians. Edited by J. H. Moore. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
Oklahoma.
F. P. Prucha (1979). The Churches and the Indian Schools, 1888-1912.
University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.
U. S. Senate (1928-1944). Survey of Conditions of the Indians in the
United States. Subcommittee on Indian Affairs. Government Printing
Office.
I teach at Haskell Indian Nations University, located in Lawrence,
Kansas. Haskell was founded in 1884 as Haskell Institute, an intertribal
off-reservation boarding school. Currently, I am working on an article on
the history of Indian children at Haskell between the years of 1884
to1935. My research has discovered that Haskell used Jails, guard houses,
root cellars, and dormitory lock up rooms to punish students. Haskell was
used as type of "labor camp" similar to camps used in Europe during WWI
and WWII, which used forced labor. The children at Haskell were forced
to; build all the buildings, maintain the grounds, perform all the
laundry, sewing, and cooking chores, learn farming and livestock
breeding. The children were forced to follow military rules of discipline
and to march in formation where ever they went on campus. The discipline
used on the children was very harsh and included flogging, beatings, and
of course being chained to beds and locked up in the jail. We have a
cemetery with 102 graves of children who died at Haskell. They died of
tuberculosis, cholera, and dysentery, and one young boy died of gunshot
wounds. Many other children died at Haskell, however, for many of these
additional deaths, we have not been able to locate where they were
buried. Haskell also used the "Outing System," which placed Indian
children with white families all over the United States. The purpose of
this system was to ensure that the children did not return to the
reservation and convert back to primitive and savage ways. To my
knowledge, there has not been a history written that truly reflects what
the Indian children experienced.