[ originally received in six parts - being repackaged in two parts --Gary ]
ACADEMIA MEXICANA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS, A.C.
SPECIAL BULLETIN CONFLICT ON CHIAPAS
No. 9, March 8th-26th, 1994
FIRST OF SIX PARTS
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CONTENTS
LET'S GIVE OURSELVES AN OPPORTUNITY TO LIVE
A BULLETIN IN TRANSITION
CHRONOLOGY
THE ACTORS AND THE FACTS
DON SAMUEL'S "SINS"
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LET'S GIVE OURSELVES AN OPPORTUNITY TO LIVE
In less than three months, the Mexican landscape has filled
with ill omens. The climate seems right for despair, for fast
action against the adversary. It is urgent to stop the latent
growth of intolerance, but not at the cost of anihilating or
silencing others: let's overcome differences, let's not bury man.
Last March 23, Luis Donaldo Colosio, PRI's presidential candidate
was murdered. His death adds up to the collective uncertainty that
has been constantly increasing since January 1st. Society and its
rulers are undergoing an unexpected and undesired hard trial that
calls for the best in us to live in plurality.
In hard times, silence, separation, animosity, the hasty
search for the guilty, for the culprits, may lead to a deceitful
comfort: to point at, punish, destroy. And then, what is left? What
is to be done if those accused were not guilty? What will happen if
social damage is not repaired after prosecution and, conversely,
becomes worst? It could happen that pain were followed by the
unleashing of ill will, of resentment that calls for those
disintegrating forces of society that are eager to forcibly silence
any difference. That is neither the Mexico we want, nor the one we
have for long been constructing with great efforts. Let's not step
back in the concertation of tolerance.
Mexican society has paid high blood tolls in its pursuit of
pluralistic living together. Despite undeniable lagging behind and
imbalances, significant progress has been made. The most recent
example showed up on occasion of candidate Colosio's homicide.
Independent of partisan proposals, of public life approaches, of
guilds and social groups, a national voice has rised in unison: no
to death! To reap life is to deny an opportunity to dialogue, to
the possibility of an agreement for living together in difference.
Refusing to talk, to be different, to live differently, is denying
the human condition. Let's not deny ourselves, let's allow
ourselves an opportunity to live.
A BULLETIN IN TRANSITION
Politico-military conflicts that began last January in Chiapas
have led to a new stage of the Bulletin of the Mexican Academy of
Human Rights. Thanks to the kind collaboration of The Ford
Foundation and a group of scholars, it was possible to publish
timely and objectively eight issues devoted to the Chiapas'
conflict.
Today we are living a time of consultation among indigenous
communities of government proposals, which means that peace in
Southeast Mexico has not yet been attained. On the contrary, new
conflicts and sectoral demands have emerged that complicate even
more the immediate panorama, as it is possible to see from this
issue's "Chronology". Our task, consequently, is not yet completed;
conversely, it demands greater attention.
But what has actually changed is the national social entour
that calls for a broadening of the topics referred to in this
Bulletin. The Bulletin will continue to inform about the
development of the Chiapas' conflict; however, from a national
standpoint that covers facts and events related to the violation of
human rights in other sites of the country and under such different
social processes as the politico-electoral ones.
At every moment, the Bulletin will keep loyal to its original
spirit of respect to facts and the defense of human rights.
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CHRONOLOGY
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NOTE: EACH DATE IS NEWSPAPER'S DATE; DATE'S FACTS ARE THE DAY
BEFORE.
March 8, 1994
Representatives of approximately 2 thousand inhabitants of San
Crist"bal de las Casas addressed a letter to the three federal and
state powers, the Commissioner for Peace and Reconciliation in
Chiapas and the President of the National Human Rights Commission.
They declared that in the light of events derived from the armed
incursion of January 1st, and the recent raids of peasant groups
from other states and Chiapas itself, who have perpetrated several
actions that harm the people's social peace, they demand, among
other things: that peace agreements are signed some place else; the
active participation of armed forces to preserve civil order and
security; the banishing of harmful foreigners; the impartial
intervention of human rights commissions and NGOs; that once the
mediating role of Bishop Samuel Ruiz in peace and reconciliation
talks is completed, he is transferred to another parish, along with
his catechizers, pastoral agents and priests that promote the
theology of liberation, since they are publicly accused of being
the intellectual authors of these upraisings; the temporary closure
of all Catholic churches. This letter was signed, among others, by
the Head and Secretary of the Municipality; the Coordinator of the
Civic Defense Group; the Representative of the Peasant Grassroot
Committee (CNC); the Representative of Neighbor Participation and
Collaboration Councils; the President of the National Chamber of
Commerce and Tourist Services; the Vicepresident of the National
Chamber of Commerce; the President of the Junior Chamber; the
Representative of Hotels and Motels; Copresan and Credit Union; the
Union of Market Vendors; the Association of Small Rural Owners, the
College of Architects, etc.
The Human Rights Commission of the Coordination of Non-
Governmental Organizations of San Crist"bal de las Casas for Peace
(Conpaz) concerned by the fact that exaltation in this group of
plaintiffs may lead to lamentable confrontations. In view of the
delay in a response from the state government, they demand the
intervention of the President of Mexico to prevent forces with
obscure interests from throwing the country off balance at this
moment of confusion.
Conapaz denounced the breaking into the home of its
collaborator A!da Hern ndez.
The State's Department of Justice (PJE) informed that during
the weekend they rescued the corpses of three Tzeltal individuals.
They were murdered on March 1st at El Naranjal, in the municipality
of Chanal, by some 30 armed men wearing mountaineer hoods.
The National Electoral Convention of Indigenous Peoples
concluded with a declaration of autonomy, the demand of an
amendment to article 27 of the Mexican Constitution to "restore it
its original spirit", the creation of a sixth plurinominal
jurisdiction to allow indigenous representation at the Congress,
the demand that the National Indigenist Institute (INI) becomes a
State Ministry, and the rejection against the creation of the
National Commission for Overall Development.
March 9, 1994
The Ministry of Defense (SEDENA) informed that it has received
46 complaints for alleged human rights violations. No liability was
found in 40 cases, and the other 6 are under investigation. Based
on its investigations, this agency declared that "in some cases,
imputations against Mexican Army members have only been unfair
slander".
Bishop Samuel Ruiz received an anonymous death threat and a group
came into being who call themselves "Civic Coleto Front Against
Unstabilizers" who called to a crusade against this prelate and
priests who profess the theology of liberation.
Almost 15 thousand individuals displaced by the armed conflict
are still at refuges set up at Las Margaritas and Comit n. Only
5,194 indigenous persons have returned to their villages.
On the International Women's Day, another march was held at
Tuxtla Guti rrez; this time, however, on board expensive vehicles.
The State's wealthy women kept on shouting out their rights'
revindications and warning: "it must be known, once and for all and
clearly, that we do not want a third ad interim government".
More than fifty policemen evicted hundreds of indigenous families
who during the past week had taken possession of four suburban
estates in San Crist"bal. Evicted individuals once again occupied
properties.
During the past two months several peasant and indigenous
organizations of Chiapas have undertaken approximately 200
invasions demanding land to work. This was declared by peasant
group members of the OCEZ-CNPA.
In a letter addressed to President Salinas, Tzeltal groups
from 23 communities and "ejidos" of the Chiapas' Social
Organizations Council said that given the "silence, delay and
denials" of authorities to their long-standing demands, they
decided to occupy lands they have been asking for to exploit as
"ejidatarios".
March 10, 1994
The Coleto Civic Front Against Unstabilizers shut church doors
with posters where they affirmed that churches "would remain closed
until Samuel Ruiz left town, Chiapas and Mexico". The bishop is
charged with "being guilty for conflicts, invasions and war in the
region" and Catholics were asked to "pray with the family at home,
since God knows you are with Him and God is everywhere".
In a letter to President Salinas, "authentical Coletos" warned
that: "as long as invaded urban estates in the capital of the
municipality are not evacuated, and for security and public health
reasons, our children will not attend school despite our deep
regret. We want to see them alive rather than exposing them to
become human shields of invaders that have come to attack us from
different geographical areas".
At El Carmito, several armed men, their faces covered with red
scarves, killed Mariano P rez D!az, regional OCEZ leader. His son
was badly wounded.
Chiapas' CEOIC denounced "witch hunting" and selective murders
that started with the homicide of Mariano P rez, a member of that
group's Executive Committee and of North OCEZ.
The Civic Action Coordination for National Liberation (Conac-
LN) informed that the EZLN accepted their offer of providing legal
advice for their struggle.
Commissioner for Peace and Reconciliation Manuel Camacho Sol!s
said that President Salinas will formally honor his obligations to
Chiapas "zapatistas".
SPECIAL BULLETIN CONFLICT ON CHIAPAS
No. 9, March 8th-26th, 1994
SECOND OF SIX PARTS
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CHRONOLOGY, SECOND PART
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March 11, 1994
The Pluralist Commission of the Mexican Congress expressed its
support for the Peace Commissioner in Chiapas and promised to
subscribe agreements entered into with the EZLN, in order to ensure
their fulfillment.
Cattle raisers and small owners of Ocosingo, Altamirano,
Venustiano Carrazna, Chil"n and other municipalities, as well as
"authentical Coletos" proposed the creation within the region of
"citizen defense fronts" to protect their properties.
A group of Mexican businessmen created the Business Investment
and Development Council of the Southeast, with the objective of
"substantially and sustainably upgrading living standards of the
region's population". Among Council members the following can be
mentioned: Eduardo Creel (Mexival-Banpa!s); Lorenzo Servitje
(Bimbo); Enrique Hern ndez Pons (Herdez); Gilberto Borja (ICA);
Carlos Eduardo Represas (Nestl ); Fernando Senderos (Grupo Desc);
Carlos Cabal Peniche (Banco Uni"n and Del Monte enterprises) and
Juan S nchez Navarro (Modelo Group), who will invest in Southeast
Mexico.
More than 150 delegates of the Indigenous Clandestine
Revolutionary Committee-EZLN Commander General undertook the
analysis of communities based on San Crist"bal documents.
The "Fray Francisco de Vitoria" Human Rights Center made a
"respectful request" to the Supreme Military Court and the Military
Attorney General that they act according to right, impartially,
avoiding the use of partial results of investigations on the events
of the Ocosingo IMSS-Coplamar clinic for publicitary purposes, or
indulging in the "objectively undesirable situation of being judge
and party".
Three NGO representatives: Sergio Aguayo of the Mexican Human
Rigths Academy, Javier Vargas of the Human Rights Liaison Center of
Chiapas, and Pablo Romo of the "Fray Bartolom de las Casas" Human
Rights Center of San Crist"bal, declared that both General Antonio
Riviello, Defense Minister and Jorge Madrazo, President of the
National Human Rights Commission, "slipped" when in the past days
they individually declared that some NGOs have links with drug-
traffic organizations, "without mentioning names or giving proof of
it". They held that "no actions or activities should be imputed
that harm the prestige of the Army and the CNDH if no proof exists.
They agreed that NGOs' work "is not new in Mexico"; it has been
carried on for at least 30 years, and was scarcely known because
for a long time authorities considered that it represented "an
additional form of yanquee intervention"; furthermore, no important
communication links existed among them.
March 12, 1994
The outcome of the second stage of peace talks in Chiapas is
unpredictable Bishop Samuel Ruiz asserted, after expressing that
dialogue at San Crist"bal may continue after two weeks. He
indicated that he has received reports from Ocosing saying that
consultations of EZLN agreements with indigenous communities are
"quite positive" and that documents and proposals of the first
stage of Peace and Reconciliation Conferences are being thoroughly
examined.
The National Conference of Christian Evangelic Churches
(Cofraternice) rejected Coleto declarations expressing racist
concepts. It particularly disapproved their proposal of closing
churches, which "constitutes a violation of constitutional order".
It also made the magistrate of San Crist"bal and cattle-raiser
leaders accountable for any assault against Bishop Samuel Ruiz,
priests or nuns in Chiapas.
Second Commander Marcos denied that agreements with the
government were arrived at during talks held at San Crist"bal de
las Casas, Chiapas, and that only their ratification by the
insurgents is missing. That is a lie; the only thing that EZLN
summit did was "appointing delegates to participate in talks but
not to negotiate".
The Democratic Peasant Union (UCD) of Jalisco demonstrated
with more than one thousand peasants in the city's downtown area to
demand the fullfillment of peace agreements in Chiapas.
Conasupo unilaterally and drastically reduced the supply of
fodder maize to cattle producers. "This not only represents a
serious economic disturbance for them, but also the loss of their
employment source" said Guillermo P rez Calva, President of the
National Cattle Raisers Association.
March 13, 1994
A transition government leading the country toward democratic
transformation will be one of the "hopeful" outcomes of changes
which started on January 1st in Chiapas, asserted Bishop Samuel
Ruiz Garc!a.
Governor Javier L"pez Moreno declared that "some groups have
taken the arms" at Simojovel to hinder the capture of the killers
of Mariano P rez D!az, OCEZ and municipal leader of the Labor Party
(PT) at Simojovel.
The new Municipal Council of Chil"n took office. This change
adds up to the removal, during the past two years, of the
authorities of 32 out the 110 municipalies of the State of Chiapas,
accused of corruption, social unstabilization and postelectoral
problems.
March 14, 1994
The Civic Front for the Defense of Dignity of San Crist"bal
rectified its standing and assured they have never asked for the
closing down of communication media or Catholic churches. It
additionally reiterated agreement with the celebration of Peace and
Reconciliation Conferences at this location. During a meeting with
H ctor Morales Corrales, representative of the Minister of the
Interior, the so-called "authentical Coletos" asked for help to
recover from economic losses derived from the total collapse of
tourist activity, their main income source. Moreover, they demanded
urban and semiurban estate invasions to stop since they alter the
Urban Development Plan, and the reversal of the image of conflict
within the region.
Bishop Samuel Ruiz Garc!a declared that confronted with the
concrete possibility of "substantial changes in our society"
derived from the armed upheaval of Chiapas, the inhabitants of
Mexico have learned that they can be "subjects of their own
history".
Second Commander Marcos appeared during the most widely seen
TV show of the United States as "a hero for a large share of
Mexico's population". EZLN demands were interpreted by commentator
Ed Bradley of "60 Minutes" as "what we in the United States call
life, freedom and the pursuit of happiness", in reference to the
fundamental concepts expressed as rights in the U.S. Declaration of
Independence. Presently, empoverished Mexicans are turning their
eyes toward a new hero, Second Commander Marcos.
Leaders and representatives of more than 300 indigenous and
peasant organizations of Mexico proposed the creation of a New
Political Constitution for the country and amendments to the
electoral laws in order to ensure free and fair elections next
August. During the first day of work of the National Meeting of
Indigenous and Peasant Organizations, 500 participants of almost 20
States reiterated their demand for the autonomy of indigenous
peoples, the repeal of "Salinist" reforms to article 27 of the
Constitution, and a "broad campaing" of mobilizations throughout
the country for next April 10.
March 15, 1994
In a resolution derived from consultations on agreements for
dignified peace, the Indigenous Clandestine Revolutionary Committee
(CCRI)-Commander General of the EZLN stated that the Federal
Government must "control" Chiapas' ranch owners and cattle raisers
since they are becoming an obstacle to the region's peace process.
The Attorney General of Chiapas declared that during the past 45
days at least 90 regional commissioners and Public Administration
agents have been dismissed on charges of corruption, authority
abuse, ineptitude and violation of human rights.
The EZLN took a first step in the pursuit of a new Mexico for
everyone, said Reverend Joel Padr"n, who denied that the Catholic
Church is involved or has been the driving force of the indigenous
upheaval in the Highlands and jungle of Chiapas. The Parson of
Simojovel indicated that a hopeful change for the country is
foreseen "since there has been a remarkable response from the
government, after the first reaction came through the military
forces, and secondly because of the renewed willingness to
dialogue".
The so-called "legal representatives" of the EZLN undertook a
juridic analysis of answers given by the government to "Zapatista"
demands. According to this analysis, authorities were considered to
have reacted "with a confusing, evasive and empty language to
concrete proposals". Furthermore, they announced that the Civic
Action Coordination for National Liberation (Conac-LN) will install
a "desk for civil society" which will remain open until April 10.
Its objective is that citizens, organizations and civil society may
express their opinions about EZLN's list of demands.
SPECIAL BULLETIN CONFLICT ON CHIAPAS
No. 9, March 8th-26th, 1994
THIRD OF SIX PARTS
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CHRONOLOGY, THIRD PART
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March 16, 1994
Second Commander Marcos expressed that the EZLN will not take
any fire opening initiative and will refrain any kind of
"adventurer bellicose" action, independent of the result of
consultations on agreements for dignified peace. He categorically
affirmed that the EZLN will not break the unilateral ceasefire
despite provocations and attacks of Chiapas' ranch owners and
cattle raisers against the peace process.
Although 6,484 indigenous persons have been liberated during
the present six-year presidental term, 19,770 still remain in jail,
according to National Indigenist Institute reports indicating that
the States with largest shares of indigenous population in prison
are Oaxaca and Veracruz. 1,688 indigenous persons were imprisoned
in Oaxaca in 1993 alone, and 863 individuals were incarcerated in
Veracruz during the same period. Puebla and Chiapas occupy the
third and fourth ranks with respect to the number of indigenous
persons in prison. According to INI statistics, last year the
number of imprisoned indigenous persons amounted 5,881, whereas
those liberated were only 618. INI data also indicate that during
the past five years, 7,124 indigenous persons have been imprisoned
in Oaxaca and only 676 have recovered their freedom, while 6,488
remain in jail. In Veracruz, 2,638 indigenous persons were
arrested, and scarcely 656 obtained their liberty, with 982
remaining in prision. Early during the current six-year
presidential term, 2,389 persons were kept in Chiapas' prisons,
particularly at Cerro Hueco, and only 914 were liberated; 1,375
have not yet obtained their freedom.
The Desk for Civil Society recently installed at Mexico City's
main square, and organized by the Legal Commission of Conac-LN
immediately started receiving opinions on governmental responses to
EZLN proposals, as well as complaints and demands of all citizens.
March 17, 1994
Manuel Camacho Sol!s, Commissioner for Peace and
Reconciliation in Chiapas declared that under no circumstances
"shall we interrupt the dialogue" with the EZLN, organization that
through its political leadership and fairness will help overcome
"confusion and tensions". The Commissioner "has not told lies to
the EZLN. We are aware that no agreements have been arrived at yet"
he said. The Commissioner further indicated that the Federal
Government cannot affirm that an agreement has been reached with
the "Zapatista" army. The communities are analyzing the
government's proposal. At this point, it is necessary to prevent
any element that may cause a "wrong opinion", he argued. After a
private meeting of more than one hour with the Civic Front for the
Defense of Dignity of San Crist"bal, the former Minister of
External Affairs said that the situation of "Coletos" "is also
clear". A climate of cordiality and support from different sectors
of San Crist"bal de las Casas toward the peace process has been
achieved.
The CCRI of the EZLN warned that "concluding the first stage
of dialogue with lies is the best way to sabotage peace" and that
"we cannot not trust a government who lies even when it makes
proposals". The CCRI declared that the causes which brought about
the military upheaval have been forgotten "substituting truth
during dialogues with lies about an agreement. The CCRI of the EZLN
has not reached an agreement with the Federal Government. It has
not negotiated anything with respect to the way of carrying on the
dialogue, and has not entered any agreement with the bad government
that has for so long told lies". The standing of the EZLN intends
to clarify that the Federal Government, "who yesterday usurpated
popular will is lying again about what happened during peace talks
held at San Crist"bal de las Casas, Chiapas".
No EZLN member will invade or take possession of lands
belonging to ranch owners or cattle raisers. "We will wait until
the government distributes estates among the poor peasants of
Chiapas and the country", said Manuel, Tom s and Javier, members of
the EZLN Indigenous Clandestine Revolutionary Committee.
The Civic Front for the Defense of Dignity in San Crist"bal -
integrated by "authentical Coletos"- asked the Commissioner for
Peace and Reconciliation in Chiapas to take action regarding the
eviction of indigenous persons that for the second time have
occupied several urban estates in San Crist"bal.
Upon being informed that the EZLN had ratified the Legal
Commission of the National Civic Action Coordination for National
Liberation (Conac-LN) as its legal advisor, leaders of this
association denied being "the political arm" of rebels or belonging
to the EZLN.
March 18, 1994
CCRI-Commander General of the EZLN completed the first stage
of analysis of obligations for dignified peace in Chiapas and
returned to their communities in order to explain the document's
contents. According to a report, analysis in "Zapatista"
communities will begin this weekend. Committee Delegates Pedro,
Romeo, Carlos and Emanuel explained that consultations among
communities will take long since the language of government
obligations is "complex" and "Zapatista" communities lie far away.
The Public Administration agent of Simojovel, informed that the
police arrested 14 Tzoltzil persons presumably involved in the
murder of OCEZ leader Mariano P rez D!az, shot on March 9. He added
that approximately one hundred agents and several local peasants
participated in the "surprise" operation carried out at 6:00
o'clock in the community of El Carmito Buenavista. This operation
was headed by the Under Attorney General of the State.
Second Commander Marcos of the EZLN said that the Commissioner
for Peace and Reconciliation in Chiapas "may run for presidential
candidacy if he so wishes; however, he cannot use his links with
'guerrilleros' as a springboard". The rebel leader indicated that
if Camacho Sol!s decides to run for the presidency of Mexico "this
could give way to suspicion among rebel ranks concerning whether
his participation in the peace process was part of a political
game. If he wants to go ahead, that is his right", said Marcos, who
then added that "we are also aware that Camacho will not be told;
he does not have to spend with us all of his life".
The Xi'Nich Coordination of Indigenous Organizations demanded
from the government of Chiapas the purchase of 5,631 hectares in
the municipalities of Chil"n, Yajal"n, Sital , Simojovel, Tila and
Pantelh", where peasants have taken possession of 35 ranches. This
way the agrarian problem will be solved and violent acts by ranch
owners will be prevented. According to organization leaders,
peasants have already received threats.
The Federal and State Governments started once again the
dialogue with the State Council for Indigenous and Peasant
Organizations, in order to analyze agrarian distribution demands,
land tenure, development problems, supply, human rights, prisioners
and repression. The President of the Supreme Court of Justice of
the State informed that a calendar has been created to review in
detail the dossiers of indigenous persons and peasants held in
state prisions or undergoing legal prosecution.
Reverend Joel Padr"n rejected accusations of having
distributed arms among indigenous persons and peasants, motivating
ranch invasions, being the ideologist of the "Zapatista" armed
movement, being Marcos and, recently, intellectual author of
peasant leader Mariano P rez D!az' murder. He said that accusations
against him, bishop Samuel Ruiz and Altamirano nuns could be part
of a "dirty war" of groups who are losing privileges and oppose the
peace process and a more equitative change in Chiapas and Mexico.
The leaders of the National Cattle Raisers Confederation (CNG)
held a two-day meeting with local and 78 national representatives,
with the purpose of expressing their support toward Chiapas' cattle
raisers, since "that which affects them affects all Mexicans".
There has been a constant flow of persons to the Civil Society
Desk installed three days ago at Mexico City's main square by the
Civic Action Coordination for National Liberation (Conac-LN) in its
role of legal advisor of Chiapas' insurgents. Workers, students,
settlers, peasants and even housewives have arrived since last
Tuesday to express in writing their points of view on EZLN demands
and the initial answer given by the Mexican Government.
March 19, 1994
In the opinion of Bishop Samuel Ruiz Garc!a of San Crist"bal,
misunderstandings, irresponsible behavior, the confusion created by
communication media and inconvenient political movements "risk the
dialogue" between the EZLN and Commissioner Manuel Camacho Sol!s.
The Bishop then made an analysis of the situation in Chiapas,
during the truce, and of "misunderstandings" between the EZLN and
the Commissioner for Peace and Reconciliation in Chiapas, Manuel
Camacho Sol!s, "brought about" by the press.
Around one hundred "Pri!sta" peasants of San Crist"bal took
possession of 336 hectares of land located within the area known as
El Chivero, East of San Crist"bal. Peasants of the new "Francisco
Villa" population center declared that for the past 17 years they
have been asking the Ministry of Agrarian Reform for those lands,
without any answer to this moment.
A thirty-day ultimatum to the State Government to clear
invaded estates, "civil disobedience" implying the interruption of
tax and services payment and the demand that President Carlos
Salinas "establishes order" and prevents land invasions in that
State, were some of the proposals made during the CCNG meeting in
which 78 national and Chiapas' representatives participated. It was
warned that properties are "not for sale", the existence of large
landholdings (latifundios) was categorically denied, the de jure
state was questioned, and cattle raisers proclaimed themselves as
victims of "pseudoleaders who take advantage of the government's
prudence" to invade and traffic with land.
* Origin: Acad Mex Derechos Humanos, AC (3:970/4.193)